Rabu, 23 November 2011
Fish
Gold fish with gill breathing in the left and right side head. Each have four closed gill by gill cover (operkulum). Respiratory process in fish is a way to open and close the mouth alternately with opening and closing the gill cover. At the time the mouth opens, the water into the mouth cavity while closing the gill cover. Terlarut the oxygen in the water to enter berdifusi in capillary blood vessel in the gill. And at the time of close, close the gill opening and the water out of the mouth cavity through the gill. Together with the discharge of water through the gill, carbon dioxide is removed. Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs in the gill sheet.
Insects have sitem respiratory system called trakea. Oxygen needed by the body's cells to oxidation is not distributed by blood but distributed by the trakea ramify throughout the body. Small branches that penetrate the network trakea body called trakeolus. Respiratory air to the entrance through the mouth but not through the stigma (spirakel).
Respiratory process in the insect occur as follows. With the contraction of the body musculature, the insect's body and into the mengempis regularly. In the body of the insect, the air entering through the stigma, to the next entry in trakea, and then into trakeolus and finally into the body cells. Berdifusi oxygen to cells in the body. Carbon dioxide is removed through the respiratory system trakea also issued through the end stigma at the time of insect bodies deflated.
Frog
Frog life cycle in the form of changes or metamorfosis. At the time a young tadpole and adult life in the land. At nula with gill breathing tadpole that is outside on the back of the head. Gill always vibrates in the water around the gill always change. Terlarut the oxygen in the water berdifusi in the capillary blood vessel in the gill.
After some time outside the gill is a gill akan change in the way terbentuknya skin fold from the front to the back of the gill cover so that the outside. Adult frog lives on land, with pernapasannya lungs. In addition to the lungs, oxygen can berdifusi in the mouth cavity through the peritoneal cavity through the mouth and skin.
REPTILE
The lungs of reptiles are in the chest cavity and is protected by the rib cage. The lungs of reptiles more simple, with just a few folds of the wall that serves enlarge the gas exchange surface. Gas exchange in reptiles is not effective.
In lizards, turtles, and crocodiles the lungs is more complex, with some parts of his lungs that makes the texture like a sponge. The lungs in several types of lizards such as African chameleons have a backup air sac that allows the animal is suspended in the air.
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Birds
Birds have a respiratory channel terdir top nostril, trakea, bronkus and tuberculosis-apru. At the bottom of the trakea there is a sound tool called siring. Birds have a tool called bantu respiratory sac air with lungs. Function of the air sac, among others, to assist respiratory and help raise siring cavity so that it can strengthen the voice. Respiratory process occurs in birds as follows. If berkontaksi rib muscles, rib to move forward and to the sternum to move down. Thoracic cavity and a large tekanannya decreased. This causes the air into the lungs and then into the air sac. In the rib muscles become weak, broken bones to move back to the breastbone and moving toward the top. Thoracic cavity and wane tekanannya become large, causing the air out of the lungs. Similarly from the air sac air out through the paru-apru. Of oxygen by the lungs occurred at the time of inspiration and ekspirasi. Exchange of gas occurs only in the lungs.
Kamis, 10 November 2011
ADVERB OF MANNER
(Kata Keterangan Cara)
ADJECTIVE + LY artinya : dengan……..
| NO | ADJECTIVE | ADVERB OF MANNER | MEANING |
| 1. | Slow | Slowly | Dengan lambat/pelan |
| 2. | Quick | Quickly | Dengan cepat |
| 3. | Rapid | Rapidly | Dengan cepat |
| 4. | Patient | Patiently | Dengan sabar |
| 5. | Careful | Carefully | Dengan hati-hati |
| 6. | Polite | Politely | Dengan sopan |
| 7. | Honest | Honestly | Dengan jujur |
| 8. | Careless | Carelessly | Dengan ceroboh |
| 9. | Angry | Angrily | Dengan marah |
| 10. | Loud | Loudly | Dengan keras |
| 11. | Rude | Rudely | Dengan kasar |
| 12. | Happy | Happily | Dengan bahagia |
| 13. | Complete | Completely | Dengan lengkap |
Examples:
- She walks slowly
- He runs quickly
Excepted:
Ada beberapa kata keterangan cara(adverb of manner) yang tidak ditambahkan “-ly”
- Hard : Dengan keras
- Fast : Dengan cepat
- Late : Terlambat
- Early : Pagi-pagi
- Sooner : Dengan lebih cepat
- Faster : Dengan lebih cepat
- Well : Dengan baik
- Near : Dekat
Examples:
- We study hard
- I get up very late
- He speak English well
NOTE:
- Hardly : hampir tidak
- Lately : akhir-akhir ini
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